Culture is human specific.

Culture is a social phenomenon.

Culture is a national phenomenon.

Culture is a historical phenomenon.

Culture contains several subcultures.

II。性文化

文化是人类特有的。

文化是一种社会现象。

文化是一个国家的现象。

文化是一种历史现象。

文化包含几个亚文化。

III. Language & Culture

Does language shape culture? OR Does culture shape language?

语言与文化

语言塑造文化吗？还是文化形成的语言吗？

IV. Relative Theories

Malinowski’s study 马林诺夫斯基的研究: Speech Community 言语社区

Firth’s study 弗斯的研究: Context of Situation 情景语境

Halliday’s study 韩礼德的研究: A Socially Semiotic Perspective 社会符号的视角

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说)

Our language helps mould our way of thinking and different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world.

我们的语言有助于塑造我们的思维方式和不同的语言可能表达我们的独特的认识世界的方式。

The interplay of language and culture may range from textual structure to phonological variation. Kaplan (1966): The structural organization of a text tends to be culturally specific.

Nida (1998): Words are sometimes ―idiomatically-governed‖ and ―culturally-specific‖.

杨永林(1993) made several case studies through his personal exposure to the American culture. 1) When you get your hands dirty, it does not necessarily mean in the American culture that you‘ve done some manual work and need to wash your hand. (practice something, be engaged in doing something)

2) When you have enough dumbbells(哑铃), it does not necessarily mean that you keep pairs of this instrument for regular physical practices. (have lots of stupid guys)

语言与文化的相互作用可以从篇章结构的语音变化范围。

卡普兰（1966）：一个文本往往是特定文化的组织结构。

奈达（1998）：言语有时是―地道的统治‖和―文化的‖。

杨永林（1993）通过个人接触美国文化进行了几个案例研究。

1）当你把你的手弄脏，它不一定在美国文化中，意味着你已经做了一些体力工作，需要洗你的手。（实践的东西，忙于做某事）

2）当你有足够的哑铃（哑铃），这并不一定意味着你保持定期的体育实践这个仪器对。（有很多愚蠢的家伙）

V. Contrast of Language Families对比语言的家庭